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Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an important cause of cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Therefore, the exact molecular mechanisms of NSCLC are unidentified. The present investigation aims to identify the miRNAs with predictive value in NSCLC. The two datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNA) and mRNAs (DEmRNA) were selected from the normalized data. Next, miRNA-mRNA interactions were determined. Then, co-expression network analysis was completed using the WGCNA package in R software. The co-expression network between DEmiRNAs and DEmRNAs was calculated to prioritize the miRNAs. Next, the enrichment analysis was performed for DEmiRNA and DEmRNA. Finally, the drug-gene interaction network was constructed by importing the gene list to dgidb database. A total of 3,033 differentially expressed genes and 58 DE miRNA were recognized from two datasets. The co-expression network analysis was utilized to build a gene co-expression network. Next, four modules were selected based on the Zsummary score. In the next step, a bipartite miRNA-gene network was constructed and hub miRNAs (let-7a-2-3p, let-7d-5p, let-7b-5p, let-7a-5p, and let-7b-3p) were selected. Finally, a drug-gene network was constructed while SUNITINIB, MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE, DOFETILIDE, HALOPERIDOL, and CALCITRIOL drugs were recognized as a beneficial drug in NSCLC. The hub miRNAs and repurposed drugs may act a vital role in NSCLC progression and treatment, respectively; however, these results must validate in further clinical and experimental assessments.
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This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing evidence regarding the possible effects of epothilones on spinal cord injury (SCI). This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of epothilone administration on locomotion recovery in animal models of SCI. Despite increasing rates of SCI and its burden on populations, no consensus has been reached about the possible treatment modality for SCI. Meanwhile, low-dose epothilones have been reported to have positive effects on SCI outcomes. Electronic databases of Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Medline were searched using keywords related to epothilones and SCI until the end of 2020. Two researchers screened the articles, and extracted data were analyzed using STATA ver. 14.0. Final results are reported as a standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). After the screening, five studies were included in the analysis. Rats were used in all the studies. Two types of epothilones were used via intraperitoneal injection and were shown to have positive effects on the motor outcomes of samples with SCI (SMD, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.51 to 1.23; p =0.71). Although a slightly better effect was observed when using epothilone B, the difference was not significant (coefficient, −0.50; 95% CI, −1.52 to 0.52; p =0.246). The results of this study suggest that epothilones have positive effects on the improvement of motor function in rats, when administered intraperitoneally until a maximum of 1 day after SCI. However, current evidence regarding the matter is still scarce.
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Background@#Current therapies are quite unsuccessful in the management of neuropathic pain. Therefore, considering the inhibitory characteristics of GABA mediators, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the efficacy of GABAergic neural precursor cells on neuropathic pain management. @*Methods@#Search was conducted on Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A search strategy was designed based on the keywords related to GABAergic cells combined with neuropathic pain. The outcomes were allodynia and hyperalgesia. The results were reported as a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). @*Results@#Data of 13 studies were analyzed in the present meta-analysis. The results showed that administration of GABAergic cells improved allodynia (SMD = 1.79;95% CI: 0.87, 271; P < 0.001) and hyperalgesia (SMD = 1.29; 95% CI: 0.26, 2.32; P = 0.019). Moreover, the analyses demonstrated that the efficacy of GABAergic cells in the management of allodynia and hyperalgesia is only observed in rats. Also, only genetically modified cells are effective in improving both of allodynia, and hyperalgesia. @*Conclusions@#A moderate level of pre-clinical evidence showed that transplantation of genetically-modified GABAergic cells is effective in the management of neuropathic pain. However, it seems that the transplantation efficacy of these cells is only statistically significant in improving pain symptoms in rats. Hence, caution should be exercised regarding the generalizability and the translation of the findings from rats and mice studies to large animal studies and clinical trials.
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Background: Infertility, one of life's great stressors, may adversely affect marital satisfaction. No studies have in- vestigated the relationship between perceived stress and marital satisfaction at the dyadic level. The current study assessed the actor and partner effects of perceived stress on marital satisfaction in husband-wife dyads using an innovative dyadic analysis approach, the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model [APIM]
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited a total of 141 infertile couples. Marital satisfaction and stress were assessed using the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale [EMS Scale] and Perceived Stress Scale-4 Item [PSS-4], respectively. Dyadic data have been analysed by the APIM approach, with distinguishable dyads. In this approach, actor effect is the impact of a person?s perceived stress on his/her own marital satisfaction. Partner effect is the impact of a person's perceived stress on the partner?s marital satisfaction
Results: Both men and women's perceived stress exhibited an actor effect on their marital satisfaction [beta=-0.312, P<0.001, beta=-0.405, P<0.001, respectively]. Women's perceived stress had a negative relationship to the marital satis- faction of their partner [beta=-0.174, P=0.040]. Although the partner effect of men's perceived stress on woman's marital satisfaction was not significant [beta=-0.138, P=0.096], women whose husbands had higher levels of stress were more likely to have poorer marital satisfaction. Both actor and partner effects of perceived stress on marital satisfaction were similar among men and their wives
Conclusion: The findings of this study have highlighted that marital satisfaction in patients with infertility was in- fluenced by not only their own perceived stress, but also their spouses' perceived stresses. Therefore, psychological interventions that target a reduction in perceived stress and enhancement of marital satisfaction in the context of infer- tility should treat the couple as a unit
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BACKGROUND: Occupational accidents are of most important consequences of globalization in developing countries. Therefore, investigating the causes of occupational accidents for improving the job situation and making operational policy is necessary. So the aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting the fatal occupational accidents and also calculate the years of life lost for dead workers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on data related to the 6052 injured workers that was registered in the 2013 registry system of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. Variables including sex, education, age, job tenure, injury cause, referred location of injured workers, occupation, shift work, season, accident day, damaged part of the body were chosen as independent variables. The Chi-squared and Fisher exact tests were used for univariate analysis and then exact multiple logistic regression was carried out to identify independent risk factors of fatal occupational accidents. Finally, for dead workers, years of life lost, according to the injury causes was calculated. RESULTS: Among the 6052 accidents reported, 33 deaths were recorded. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests showed that factors including: current job tenure (p = 0.01), damaged parts of the body (p < 0.001) and injury cause (p < 0.001) are associated with the fatal accidents. Also exact multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between electric shocks as a cause of injury (OR = 7.04; 95% CI: 1.01–43.74; p = 0.02) and current job tenure more than 1 year (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05–0.70; p = 0.005) with the fatal accidents. The total amount of years of life lost based on causes of injuries was estimated 1289.12 years. CONCLUSIONS: In Iran, fatal accident odds in workers with job tenure more than 1 year was less in comparing to the workers with job tenure less and equal to 1 year. Also odd of death for electrical shock was more than other causes of injuries. So it seems that employing of workers who have more than one-year work experience in a specific job and using of appropriate safeguards will be useful for the reducing of fatal occupational accidents.
Subject(s)
Accidents, Occupational , Cross-Sectional Studies , Developing Countries , Education , Education, Medical , Internationality , Iran , Logistic Models , Occupations , Risk Factors , Seasons , ShockABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the Protein-Protein Interaction Network of Celiac Disease
Background: Celiac disease [CD] is an autoimmune disease with susceptibility of individuals to gluten of wheat, rye andbarley. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and involved pathway may lead to the development of drug targetdiscovery. The protein interaction network is one of the supportive fields to discover the pathogenesis biomarkers for celiacdisease
Material and Methods: In the present study, we collected the articles that focused on the proteomic data in celiac disease.According to the gene expression investigations of these articles, 31 candidate proteins were selected for this study. Thenetworks of related differentially expressed protein were explored using Cytoscape 3.3 and the PPI analysis methods suchas MCODE and ClueGO
Results: According to the network analysis Ubiquitin C, Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha [cytosolic and Grp94]; class A, Band 1 member, Heat shock 70kDa protein, and protein 5 [glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa], T-complex, Chaperon incontaining TCP1; subunit 7 [beta] and subunit 4 [delta] and subunit 2 [beta], have been introduced as hub-bottlnecksproteins. HSP90AA1, MKKS, EZR, HSPA14, APOB and CAD have been determined as seed proteins
Conclusion: Chaperons have a bold presentation in curtail area in network therefore these key proteins beside the other hubbottlneckproteins may be a suitable candidates biomarker panel for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment processes in celiac disease
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This study aimed to compare evidence-based medicine (EBM) vs. conventional approaches to journal club sessions in teaching critical appraisal skills in reading papers by emergency medicine residents. This double cut off discontinuation regression quasi-experimental study was conducted among emergency medicine residents. EBM vs. the conventional approach were applied to teach critical appraisal skills for half of the residents as an experimental group and another half as a control group respectively. Both groups participated in one hour monthly journal club sessions for six months. Before and after the study, all participants were examined by two tests: the Fresno Test (FT) [to evaluate their knowledge about EBM] and the Critical Appraisal Skills Test (CAST) [to evaluate their competency with critical appraisal skills]. The allocation of the participants into the experimental or control groups was according to their CAST scores before the study. 50 emergency medicine residents participated. After the study, the scores of both groups in the FT and CAST significantly improved (p<0.01), and the promotion of scores of the FT and CAST in the experimental group were more than that of the conventional group (p<0.0001). The current study indicated that an evidence-based medicine approach in journal club sessions was comparatively more advantageous compared to the conventional approach in teaching critical appraisal skills for reading papers among the residents of emergency medicine.
Subject(s)
Emergency Medicine , Evidence-Based Medicine , Internship and Residency , Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
The present study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of air pollutants and the rate of ischemic stroke (IS) admissions to hospitals. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, stroke admissions (January-March 2012 and 2013) to an emergency department and air pollution and meteorological data were gathered. The relationship between air pollutant levels and hospital admission rates were evaluated using the generalize additive model. In all 379 patients with IS were referred to the hospital (52.5% male; mean age 68.2+/-13.3 years). Both transient (p<0.001) and long-term (p<0.001) rises in CO level increases the risk of IS. Increased weekly (p<0.001) and monthly (p<0.001) average O3 levels amplifies this risk, while a transient increase in NO2 (p<0.001) and SO2 (p<0.001) levels has the same effect. Long-term changes in PM(10) (p<0.001) and PM(2.5) (p<0.001) also increase the risk of IS. The findings showed that the level of air pollutants directly correlates with the number of stroke admissions to the emergency department.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Air Pollutants , Air Pollution , Cross-Sectional Studies , Emergency Service, Hospital , Patient Admission , Retrospective Studies , StrokeABSTRACT
The present study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of air pollutants and the rate of ischemic stroke (IS) admissions to hospitals. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, stroke admissions (January-March 2012 and 2013) to an emergency department and air pollution and meteorological data were gathered. The relationship between air pollutant levels and hospital admission rates were evaluated using the generalize additive model. In all 379 patients with IS were referred to the hospital (52.5% male; mean age 68.2+/-13.3 years). Both transient (p<0.001) and long-term (p<0.001) rises in CO level increases the risk of IS. Increased weekly (p<0.001) and monthly (p<0.001) average O3 levels amplifies this risk, while a transient increase in NO2 (p<0.001) and SO2 (p<0.001) levels has the same effect. Long-term changes in PM(10) (p<0.001) and PM(2.5) (p<0.001) also increase the risk of IS. The findings showed that the level of air pollutants directly correlates with the number of stroke admissions to the emergency department.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Air Pollutants , Air Pollution , Cross-Sectional Studies , Emergency Service, Hospital , Patient Admission , Retrospective Studies , StrokeABSTRACT
This study aimed to compare evidence-based medicine (EBM) vs. conventional approaches to journal club sessions in teaching critical appraisal skills in reading papers by emergency medicine residents. This double cut off discontinuation regression quasi-experimental study was conducted among emergency medicine residents. EBM vs. the conventional approach were applied to teach critical appraisal skills for half of the residents as an experimental group and another half as a control group respectively. Both groups participated in one hour monthly journal club sessions for six months. Before and after the study, all participants were examined by two tests: the Fresno Test (FT) [to evaluate their knowledge about EBM] and the Critical Appraisal Skills Test (CAST) [to evaluate their competency with critical appraisal skills]. The allocation of the participants into the experimental or control groups was according to their CAST scores before the study. 50 emergency medicine residents participated. After the study, the scores of both groups in the FT and CAST significantly improved (p<0.01), and the promotion of scores of the FT and CAST in the experimental group were more than that of the conventional group (p<0.0001). The current study indicated that an evidence-based medicine approach in journal club sessions was comparatively more advantageous compared to the conventional approach in teaching critical appraisal skills for reading papers among the residents of emergency medicine.
Subject(s)
Emergency Medicine , Evidence-Based Medicine , Internship and Residency , Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
Metastatic breast cancer is a disease of early breast cancer that usually occurs several years after the early breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Iranian women. According to the new statistics in Iran 6160 breast cancers are diagnosed in the country each year and 1063 cases lead to death. In this paper, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment have been investigated. In this study, case-control clinical trials and open studies with adequate data were collected. Due to the higher risk of age group 40-49 years and the advent of advanced breast cancer in Iranian women, the early diagnosis and determination of the exact size of the tumor before surgery is important in choosing a therapy plan. The decision on the therapy of invasive breast cancer depends on several factors such as cancer stage, tumor size and type, pathological and cytological status of the tumor, the patient's opinion, the presence or absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and so on.
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Ultrasonography is currently being used as one of the diagnostic modalities in various medical emergencies for screening of trauma patients. The diagnostic value of this modality in detection of traumatic chest injuries has been evaluated by several studies but its diagnostic accuracy in diagnosis of pulmonary contusion is a matter of discussion. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography and radiography in detection of pulmonary contusion through a systematic review and meta-analysis. An extended systematic search was performed by two reviewers in databases of Medline, EMBASE, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest. They extracted the data and assessed the quality of the studies. After summarization of data into true positive, false positive, true negative, and false negative meta-analysis was carried out via a mixed-effects binary regression model. Further subgroup analysis was performed due to a significant heterogeneity between the studies. 12 studies were included in this meta-analysis [1681 chest trauma patients, 76% male]. Pooled sensitivity of ultrasonography in detection of pulmonary contusion was 0.92 [95% CI: 0.81-0.96; I2= 95.81, p<0.001] and its pooled specificity was calculated to be 0.89 [95% CI: 0.85-0.93; I2 = 67.29, p<0.001] while these figures for chest radiography were 0.44 [95% CI: 0.32-0.58; I2= 87.52, p<0.001] and 0.98 [95% CI: 0.88-1.0; I2= 95.22, p<0.001], respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the sources of heterogeneity between the studies were sampling method, operator, frequency of the transducer, and sample size. Ultrasonography was found to be a better screening tool in detection of pulmonary contusion. Moreover, an ultrasonography performed by a radiologist / intensivist with 1-5MHz probe has a higher diagnostic value in identifying pulmonary contusions
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Background and Aim: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common problems in females. [Theory of Planned Behavior] is one of the important theories that explains the main process of adopting health behaviors
The present study assessed applying " the Theory of Planned Behavior in relaxation training regarding the severity and duration of painful dysmenorrhea in Mashhad girl students
Materials and Methods: In this Semi-experimental study, 160 first year intermediate students of Mashhad city who suffered from dysmenorrhea were assessed. They had been randomly selected from 5 girl highschools in the 6th educational district. They were divided into equal groups [case] and [control]
Intervention was made in four sessions. The requisite data was gathered by means of a researcher designed questionnaire before and 3 months after the education of the students. Finally, the obtained data was fed into SPSS software [v:16]; using statistical tests including Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Independent T-test, Paired T and X[2]
Results: After educational intervention, mean level of knowledge, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and willed performance of relaxation techniques significantly increased in the case group [P<0.05]
These changes were not significant in the control group. Besides, no statistically significant difference in subjective norms was observed between the two groups after intervention. Meditation education group was increased significantly [P<0.05]
Conclusion: Education of relaxation base on the Theory of Planned Behavior is effective in reduced pain intensity and its duration
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Introduction: Human eye colour as a physical trait is based on the developmental biology and genetic determinants of the structure known as the iris, which is part of the uveal tract of the eye. Prediction of human visible characteristics [EVCs] by genotyping informative SNPs in DNA as biological witness opens up a new avenue in the forensic genetic. Variation of iris color rely on the amounts of eumelanine and pheomelanin. The aim of this research was to determine and evaluate the frequency and the association of rs12913832 with prediction of human eye color in 53 volunteer of Iranian population samples
Methods: A selection of human body blood samples were collected from donors with informed consent in Clinic Ophthalmology of Baqiyatallah hospital. DNA was extracted from the samples using RGDE procedure. PCR primers for rs12913832 were designed to give amplicon sizes up to 189 bp and Single base extensions [SBE] were done by applying the SNaPshot Multiplex kit in 6 and mul reaction volumes. The results were analyzed with the SPSS 22.0 software package
Results: The frequency of eye color were achieved for brown 34%, blue 17% and intermediate colors 49%, respectively. The genotype frequencies of T/T, C/T and C/C in our population were 4.26%, 8.35% and 7.37%, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed the two genotypes including T/T and C/C had a significant associate with dark brown eyes and bright blue eyes, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of our method were determined 100% and 56.25%,respectively
Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that rs12913832 C>T polymorphism is associated with blue iris color in Iranian population. However, assessment SNP markers by using SNaPshot is a key tool for tracing unknown persons to get primarily information about genotypic and phenotypic characteristics
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The aim of this study, we have compared the advantages of oral dydrogestrone with vaginal progesterone [cyelogest] for luteal support in intrauterine insemination [IUI] cycles. Progesterone supplementation is the first line treatment when luteal phase deficiency [LPD] can reasonably be assumed. This study was conduct to compare the effect of oral dydrogestrone with vaginal Cyelogest on luteal phase support in the IUI cycles. This prospective, randomized, double blind study was performed in a local infertility center from May 2013 to May 2014. It consisted of 150 infertile women younger than35years old undergoing ovarian stimulation for IUI cycles. They underwent ovarian stimulation with oral dydrogesterone [20 mg] as group A and vaginal cyelogest [400 mg] as group B in preparation for the IUI cycles. Clinical pregnancy and abortion rates, mid luteal progesterone [7 days after IUI] and patient satisfaction were compared between two groups, The mean serum progesterone levels was significantly higher in group A in comparison with group B [p=0.001]. Pregnancy rates in group A was not statistically different in comparison with group B [p =0.58]. Abortion rate in two groups was not statistically different [p =0.056] although rate of abortion was higher in group B in comparison with A group. Satisfaction rates were significantly higher in group A compared to group B [p<0.001]. We concluded that oral dydrogestrone is effective as vaginal progesterone for luteal-phase support in woman undergoing IUI cycles. Moreover, the mean serum progesterone levels and satisfaction rates in dydrogestrone group were higher than cyelogest group
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Adult , Progesterone , Prospective Studies , Luteal Phase , Dydrogesterone , Gonadal Hormones , Double-Blind MethodABSTRACT
Objective: To study agents of animal wound myiasis in various geographical districts of Fars province. Methods: This study has been done in Fars province, located in the southern part of Iran. Sums of 10 358 domestic animals have been visited from April 2011 to March 2012. The infected wounds in any parts of animal body were sampled by means of forceps. Results: About 61% of all animal wound myiasis were caused by larvae of Wohlfahrtia magnifica. The most wound myiasis cases due to this species occurred in central part of Fars province. There wasn't any significant difference between sheep and goat in infestation with myiasis (P>0.05). The infestation rate of myiasis in cattle community was 0.86%. Conclusions: The infestation rate of livestock was lower than other works in Iran and some other countries like Saudi Arabia. Chrysomya bezziana has been mentioned as main myiasis agent in Iran. But in this study it cleared that similarly to some European countries, the common animal myiasis agent in Iran is Wohlfahrtia magnifica. Introducing new species as principal agent for myiasis can help public health and animal husbandry policy makers to prepare sufficient and effective control and/or preventive measures for this disease.
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Smoking and unhealthy diet are two major risk factors for non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between these two risk factors amongst healthy adults 30-60 years old in Tehran, Iran. Overall, 2602 healthy adults 30 to 60 years old in Tehran were studied. The demographic characteristics, anthropometric and smoking status of the participants were questioned. The frequency of consumption of red meat, white meat, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, bread and cereals and fast food were questioned to be daily, weekly, monthly, once every 6 months or yearly and categorized as "healthy" or "unhealthy". Of the 2602 participants, 974 [37.4%] had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their life time and continued daily or smoked occasionally. Smokers significantly consumed more fast food and white meat but less fruit and vegetables and dairy product [P<0.0001]. Totally, 586 [22.5%] consumed "unhealthy" diet. A positive association between cigarette smoking and unhealthy diet [OR=1.68; 95% CI: 1.40-2.03] were found. After adjusting the analysis for the effect of age, education and gender, the odds ratio of consuming unhealthy diet for the smoker increased to 1.83 [1.50, 2.25] compared with non-smoker. Our study found a noticeable association between cigarette smoking and unhealthy diet. Smoking cessa-tion and changing diet program for smokers is recommended
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the capability of helminths to absorb heavy metals in comparison with that of the host tissues. We compared the concentration of cadmium [Cd] and chromium [Cr] in urban rats and in their harboring helminthes -Moniliformis moniliformis, Hymenolepis diminuta and larval stage of Taenia taenaeiformis [Cysticercus fasciolaris]. The heavy metal absorption was evaluated in 1g wet weight of parasites and tissues digested in nitric acid, using Inductivity Coupled Plasma [ICP-OES]. A higher concentration of heavy metals was revealed in the helminths than in the host tissues. Bioconcentration factor [BF= C in parasite/C in tissue] for both Cd and Cr absorption was more than 10-fold higher in M. moniliformis than in the three compared host tissues. The BF of Cd in M. moniliformis compared to the liver, kidney and muscle of the host was 9.16, 14.14 and 17.09, respectively. BF in Cr in the same parasite and the same host tissues ranged from 10.67, 7.06 and 4.6. High level of absorption in H. diminuta was significantly likewise; the individual BF of Cd and Cr in H. diminuta compared to the liver, kidney and muscle of the hosts was 4.95, 5.94 and 4.67 vs. 2.67, 11.56 and 5.59. The mean concentration of Cd and Cr in C. fasciolaris was also significantly higher than that in the rat livers [P<0.007 and P<0.004, respectively]. This study claims that parasites of terrestrial animals exposed to heavy metals can be more accurate indicators than the host tissues as new environmental monitoring agents
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Gastric cancer is the most prevalent cancer among men and the third most prevalent cancer among women in Iran. Its most important reason for death is its belated diagnosis at the advanced stages of the disease. Various factors can be effective on the survival of these patients after surgery, which are the major concern in this study. Data from 330 patients with Gastric cancer who had undergone surgery at Iran Cancer Institute from 1995 to 1999 were analyzed. The Survival Time of patients was determined after surgery and the effect of individual and demographic; clinical and diagnostic; and treatment and post-surgical factors on patients' survival was studied. For data analysis, Kaplan- Meier, Log-Rank test and Proportional Hazards Model were used. The median of survival time was 16.33 months. The one-year, three-year, and five-year survival rates were, 0.66, 0.31, and 0.21. Based on univariate analysis results of age[P<0.001], metastases[P=0.012], disease stage[P=0.016], and number of renewed treatments[P<0.001], as well as multivariate analysis which was used to investigate the simultaneous effect of influencing variables on patients' survival showed that age[61-70:HR=1.40,>70:HR=2.08], marital status[HR=0.39], number of renewed treatments[1:HR=0.54,2:HR=0.30,3:HR=0.22], relapse[HR=1.51], type of gastrectomy [Subtotal: HR=1.12, Distal:HR=0.49, Partial:HR=0.94, Proximal:HR=0.52], liver metastases [HR=1.79], distance metastases[HR=1.84], and disease stage[II:HR=1.28,III:HR=2.12,IV:HR=1.90] variables had a significant effect on patients' survival. Patients who call on doctors in early stages of disease will have a higher survival rate due to early diagnosis whereas disease progression will increase the risk and will decrease the survival. Identifying factors affecting patients' survival and improving diagnostic methods can prevent disease progression and increase survival rate
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Survival RateABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the prevalence of HIV infection among homeless men and women and the related risk behaviors in Tehran, Iran.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In 2007-2008, Tehran municipality stacked up 10672 homeless men and women for assessment of HIV and began collaboration with Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA) departments to conduct HIV infection prevalence surveys in homeless populations. The results were analyzed for associations with demographic information, family support, status of drug abuse and relation with family and friends.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Overall HIV prevalence was 1.7% (95% confidence interval 1.4-1.9). Factors independently associated with HIV infection included history of using drugs [AOR 8.15 (4.86-13.67)], older age [AOR 1.80 (1.08-2.99) for 40-55 yr], occupation [AOR 1.64 (1.19-2.24) for unemployed], and no relation with family [AOR 1.82 (1.30-2.54)].</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study supports the idea that injection drug use is contributing to the increased spread of HIV among Iranian homeless. Harm reduction programs should be expanded, particularly among homeless injection drug users.</p>